Magnets Pins

Magnets Pins

Magnetism In Grapes - A Science Fair Project for Kids

To prove that water has diamagnetic properties with the help of grapes.

Materials Required:

1.Two Grapes- considerably large in size.

2.Straw made of plastic.

3.A metallic container with lid.

4.A drawing pin.

5.A knife or a razor blade or a prick.

6.Magnet made from neodymium

Procedure:

1.Take the drawing pin and insert it from underneath the lid such that the pin is projecting out, vertically.

2.Make a small hole (of size 0.5cm * 1 cm) in the straw at the centre using either a soldering iron or a prick or knife.

3.Shove one grape on each end of the straw and balance the straw on the pin by inserting the pin in the hole.

4.Take the magnet and bring one of its poles close to the grape. Maintain some distance between the grape and the magnet.

5.The grape will experience some force due to the magnet's repelling effect and it slowly begins to move away.

6.Take the magnet away from the grapes and let it come to rest.

7.Now bring the other pole of the magnet near the grape. We will see that the grape is again repelled by the magnet. It is seen that both the poles repel the grape.

Scientific explanation:

Magnetic materials (which have some magnetic properties) are of three types: Ferromagnetic, Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic.

1. Ferromagnetic: These are those materials which are attracted strongly by the magnet. These are the ones which can form permanent magnets. They are attracted by both poles of the magnet. Example- Iron.

2. Paramagnetic: These are inferior to ferromagnetic materials and are attracted by both poles of magnet feebly. Example- Aluminum.

3. Diamagnetic: The materials with diamagnetic properties are repelled by both poles of the magnet. The force of repulsion is very weak (a hundred thousand times weaker than what ferromagnetic material experiences). Water, the main constituent of grapes is a diamagnetic substance and so the grapes experience a feeble repulsion when magnets are brought close to the grapes.

3. Diamagnetic: The materials with diamagnetic properties are repelled by both poles of the magnet. The force of repulsion is very weak (a hundred thousand times weaker than what ferromagnetic material experiences). Water, the main constituent of grapes is a diamagnetic substance and so the grapes experience a feeble repulsion when magnets are brought close to the grapes.

 

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About the Author

Strongest first, can you put the Forces in correct order of strength?

1. Magnetism
2. Gravity
3. Nuclear Forces
And the rest of the forces?

Or is it comparing apples with oranges?

Is it safe to assume magnetism is stronger than gravity because a small magnet will lift a pin off the ground, or do forces have to be considered together in the universal big picture.

Any thoughts appreciated

The four forces of nature order as follows (strongest first): -

1. Nuclear strong force relative strength 10^38 range 10^-15 m
2. Electromagnetism relative strength 10^36 range infinite.
3. Nuclear weak relative strength 10^25 range 10^-18 m
4. Gravity relative strength 1 range infinite

'... The strong interaction, or strong nuclear force, is the most complicated interaction, mainly because of the way it varies with distance. At distances greater than 10 femtometers, the strong force is practically unobservable. Moreover, it holds only inside the nucleus.

Murray Gell-Mann along with George Zweig first proposed fractionally charged quarks in 1961. Throughout the 1960s, different authors considered theories similar to the modern fundamental theory of QCD as simple models for the interactions of quarks. The first to hypothesize the gluons of QCD were Moo-Young Han and Yoichiro Nambu, who introduced the quark color charge and hypothesized that it might be associated with a force-carrying field. At that time, however, it was difficult to see how such a model could permanently confine quarks. Han and Nambu also assigned each quark color an integer electrical charge, so that the quarks were fractionally charged only on average, and they did not expect the quarks in their model to be permanently confined.

In 1971, Murray Gell-Mann and Harald Fritsch proposed that the Han/Nambu color gauge field was the correct theory of the short-distance interactions of fractionally charged quarks. A little later, David Gross, Frank Wilczek, and David Politzer discovered that this theory had the property of asymptotic freedom, allowing them to make contact with experimental evidence. They concluded that QCD was the complete theory of the strong interactions, correct at all distance scales. The discovery of asymptotic freedom led most physicists to accept QCD, since it became clear that even the long-distance properties of the strong interactions could be consistent with experiment, if the quarks are permanently confined.

Assuming that quarks are confined, Mikhail Shifman, Arkady Vainshtein, and Valentine Zakharov were able to compute the properties of many low-lying hadrons directly from QCD, with only a few extra parameters to describe the vacuum. In 1980, Kenneth Wilson published computer calculations based on the first principles of QCD, establishing, to a level of confidence tantamount to certainty, that QCD will confine quarks. Since then, QCD has been the established theory of the strong interactions.

QCD is a theory of fractionally charged quarks interacting by means of 8 photon-like particles called gluons. The gluons interact with each other, not just with the quarks, and at long distances the lines of force collimate into strings. In this way, the mathematical theory of QCD not only explains how quarks interact over short distances, but also the string-like behavior, discovered by Chew and Frautschi, which they manifest over longer distances.

Electromagnetism is the force that acts between electrically charged particles. This phenomenon includes the electrostatic force acting between charged particles at rest, and the combined effect of electric and magnetic forces acting between charge particles moving relative to each other.

Electromagnetism is infinite-ranged like gravity, but vastly stronger, and therefore describes almost all macroscopic phenomena of everyday experience, ranging from the impenetrability of solids, friction, rainbows, lightning, and all human-made devices using electric current, such as television, lasers, and computers. Electromagnetism fundamentally determines all macroscopic, and many atomic level, properties of the chemical elements, including all chemical bonding.

The weak interaction or weak nuclear force is responsible for some nuclear phenomena such as beta decay. Electromagnetism and the weak force are now understood to be two aspects of a unified electroweak interaction — this discovery was the first step toward the unified theory known as the Standard Model. In the theory of the electroweak interaction, the carriers of the weak force are the massive gauge bosons called the W and Z bosons. The weak interaction is the only known interaction which does not conserve parity; it is left-right asymmetric. The weak interaction even violates CP symmetry but does conserve CPT.

Electromagnetism and weak interaction appear to be very different at everyday low energies. They can be modeled using two different theories. However at above unification energy, on the order of 100 GeV, they would merge into a single electroweak force.

Electroweak theory is very important for modern cosmology, particularly on how the universe was evolved. This is because shortly after the Big Bang, the temperature was approximately above 10^15 K. Electromagnetic force and weak force were merged into a combined electroweak force.

For contributions to the unification of the weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, Abdus Salam, Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979.

Gravitation is by far the weakest of the four interactions. Nevertheless, it is important for macroscopic objects and over long distances for the following reasons. Gravitational force:

Has an infinite range, like the electromagnetic force, but unlike the strong and weak forces, which have limited range;
Is the only interaction that acts universally on all matter;
Is permanent. It can neither be absorbed nor transformed.
Is only attractive and never repulsive (???). ...(Wikipedia articles)'.

An Alternative To Using Magnets